Tag: letteratura giapponese

“Kokin waka shū”, o dell’eternità

Chiamiamo «classico un libro che si configura come equivalente dell’universo, al pari degli antichi talismani», scriveva Calvino oramai qualche decennio fa.

La definizione mi è tornata alla mente in una sera pungente di novembre, tenendo tra le mani il Kokin Waka shū (edizione italiana curata dalla grande studiosa Ikuko Sagiyama per Ariele, pp. 686, € 34), prima tra le ventuno antologie imperiali di lirica classica giapponese. Quello che, apparentemente, sembrerebbe un volume di liriche, è in realtà uno scrigno che dall’inizio del X secolo d. C. custodisce un inestimabile tesoro letterario, composto da ben millecento composizioni (più undici in origine cancellate), prevalentemente waka, il genere nipponico per eccellenza, che si struttura in brevissime poesie scandite da cinque versi di 5-7-5-7-7 sillabe, dedicate soprattutto allo scorrere delle quattro stagioni e alla tematica amorosa.

Non si tratta di un’opera da leggersi in modo compiuto, dal principio alla fine; andrebbe piuttosto aperta e scrutata come un libro sibillino, a caso, cogliendo suggestioni e arcani qua e là, tenendo così fede alle radici della parola ‘vaticinio’, che in origine indicava il ‘canto del poeta’, di colui che decifra le segrete voci degli spiriti che abitano il mondo, ma sa anche (e meglio) comprendere i singhiozzi o le maledizioni degli uomini. Scrive infatti il poeta Ki no Tsurayuki (872 – 945) nella sua Prefazione:

La poesia giapponese, avendo come seme il cuore umano, si realizza in migliaia di foglie di parole. La gente di questo mondo, poiché vive fra molti avvenimenti e azioni, esprime ciò che sta nel cuore affidandolo alle cose che vede o sente. Si ascolti la voce dell’usignolo che canta tra i fiori o della rana che dimora  nell’acqua; chi, tra tutti gli esseri viventi, non compone poesie? La poesia, senza ricorrere alla forza, muove il cielo e la terra, commuove perfino gli invisibili spiriti e divinità, armonizza anche il rapporto tra l’uomo e la donna, pacifica pure l’anima del guerriero feroce.

L’animo, il cuore (kokoro), seme della poesia, deve svilupparsi armoniosamente e fiorire nella kotoba, la parola, dal momento che «il linguaggio deve esaurire pienamente il contenuto del messaggio poetico senza margini di oscurità» (p. 20). Il risultato è un idioma complesso, ricco di finissimi espedienti retorici e lessicali, che genera e al tempo stesso è generato da immagini che preservano ancora oggi nitore e bellezza: il fiore del ciliegio dalla grazia effimera, le maniche del kimono zuppe di lacrime, il fiume Asukagawa che diventa simbolo dell’instabilità e dei destini mutevoli.

E così, procedendo con la lettura, si ha l’impressione che la carta si faccia via via più impalpabile sotto le dita e tutt’attorno sorga un’atmosfera nuova; dai testi riaffiora piano un cosmo dimenticato, che il ricco apparato  di note e rimandi del volume aiuta a ricostruire, senza mai scadere nel pedante.

Talvolta, lo scarto tra un componimento e l’altro appare minimo; ecco due uomini forse antitetici, stretti dalla medesima malinconia: l’uno si strugge al canto del grillo, l’altro reclina il capo avvolto dal lamento delle oche selvatiche. Eppure, proprio in quel sottile discrimine  vive – e non semplicemente: sta – tutto un carattere, una storia, un’esistenza.

L’autunno è qui:
le foglie cadute hanno steso
una spessa coltre intorno alla mia dimore,
e nessuno si fa strada
per venire a trovarmi.

Aki wa kinu
momiji wa yado ni
furishikunu
michi fukiwakete
tou hito wa nashi

Lirica dopo lirica, constatiamo con felice sorpresa che davvero non c’è nulla di nuovo sotto il sole: ci sembra di conoscere bene quei sospiri, le lunghi notti di tristezza e i duri giorni d’affanno cantati oramai più di mille anni fa; e persino le rughe profonde dei poeti sono le stesse che incidono i nostri volti.

Leggiamo insieme “Io sono un gatto” di Natsume Sōseki

Ad oggi, 2 novembre, con un totale di 30 voti (21 dei quali raccolti su Facebook e 9 nel sondaggio del blog), contro i 10 di Profumo di ghiaccio di Ogawa Yōko e i 7 di Il fucile da caccia di Inoue Yasushi, dichiaro che il primo libro del gruppo virtuale di lettura è Io sono un gatto di Natsume Sōseki (disponibile in due edizioni, una standard e l’altra economica: Neri Pozza, pp. 512, € 18; ora in offerta su Amazon.it a 15,30 € cliccando qui; Giano – Beat, pp. 476, € 9, ora in offerta su Amazon.it cliccando qui a 7,65).

Ma come funziona questo benedetto gruppo, vi starete chiedendo? Nulla di complicato, non vi preoccupate. Dato che si tratta per me del primo tentativo di  realizzare un progetto simile, innanzitutto perdonatemi in anticipo le pecche dell’organizzazione. 😉 Ma ora passiamo al sodo.

*Regolamento del gruppo di lettura*

  • Chi: al gruppo può partecipare chiunque, gratuitamente, purché abbia una connessione internet a sua disposizione e, soprattutto, tanta voglia di condividere la lettura con gli altri. Non serve conoscere la lingua o la letteratura giapponese: basta esser curiosi.
  • Cosa: nel gruppo di lettura si scambiano idee, pensieri, emozioni, ricordi legati al libro in questione. Ogni forma di dibattito è la benvenuta, purché rispettosa e meglio se non off topic (ossia fuori argomento; va bene citare altre opere, ma si dovrebbero evitare derive tematiche). Qui non vi sono guru, né luminari in cattedra e tanto meno fazioni, per cui ognuno ha la possibilità di esprimere liberamente il proprio parere, in accordo con le sue conoscenze, il suo sentire e il suo vissuto.
  • Come: per partecipare al gruppo ed esprimere la propria opinione, basta lasciare un commento qui sotto (e non altrove), che sarà visibile solo dopo la mia approvazione (come detto altrove, non si tratta di una misura antidemocratica, ma antispam). Ciascuno può scrivere quanti commenti vuole e rispondere a quelli altrui.
  • Quando: il gruppo è aperto da oggi; al momento, non è prevista una data di chiusura.
  • Perché: idealmente, il gruppo mira a demolire qualche stereotipo sulla letteratura giapponese e a farla conoscere meglio e di più; vorrebbe inoltre fornire l’occasione per creare un piccolo spazio di confronto e dialogo per appassionati e curiosi.
  • Nota bene: naturalmente, va evitata ogni forma di volgarità o di offesa nei confronti dei partecipanti, e sono vietati gli spoiler, vale a dire le anticipazioni sul finale o su punti significativi della trama. Ogni commento che dovesse infrangere qualche punto del regolamento o da me ritenuto poco consono non verrà pubblicato.

Proporrei di leggere entro il 6 novembre i primi due capitoli del libro (per l’edizione Beat, fino a p. 79), in modo tale da commentarlo insieme man mano che la lettura procede. Dato che si tratta di un romanzo piuttosto lunghetto, suggerirei di cadenzare la lettura in diverse settimane e concluderla possibilmente entro inizio dicembre. Che ne dite?

Per chi volesse saperne di più del libro, questa è la trama, descritta dall’editore Neri Pozza:

Il Novecento è appena iniziato in Giappone, e l’era Meiji sembra avere perfettamente realizzato il suo compito: restituire onore e grandezza al paese facendone una nazione moderna. Il potere feudale dei daimyo è, infatti, un pallido ricordo del passato, così come i giorni della rivolta dei samurai a Satsuma, il tragico canto del cigno degli antichi guerrieri. In questi primi anni del nuovo secolo, l’esercito nipponico contende vittoriosamente alla Russia il dominio nel Continente asiatico.
Per il Nero del vetturino, il gatto grasso che spadroneggia nel cortile del condominio in cui si svolge questo romanzo, i frutti dell’epoca moderna non sono per niente malvagi. Il Nero del vetturino ha, infatti, un pelo lucido e un’aria spavalda e robusta impensabili fino a qualche tempo fa per un felino di così umile condizione. Per il gatto protagonista di queste pagine, però, le cose non stanno per niente così. Un’oscura follia, anzi, aleggia nell’aria, nel Giappone all’alba del XX secolo.
Il nostro eroe non vive, infatti, a casa di un vetturino ma di un professore che si atteggia a grande studioso e che, a detta di tutti, lo è davvero. Quando torna a casa, il professore si chiude nello studio fino a sera e ne esce raramente. Di tanto in tanto il gatto, a passi felpati, va a sbirciare e puntualmente lo vede dormire: il colorito giallognolo, la pelle spenta, una bava che gli cola sul libro che tiene davanti a sé.
Certo, il luminare a volte non dorme, e allora si cimenta in bizzarre imprese. Compone haiku, scrive prosa inglese infarcita di errori, si esercita maldestramente nel tiro con l’arco, recita canti nel gabinetto, tanto che i vicini lo hanno soprannominato il «maestro delle latrine», accoglie esteti con gli occhiali cerchiati d’oro che si dilettano a farsi gioco di tutto e di tutti raccontando ogni genere di panzane, spettegola della vita dissoluta di libertini e debosciati… Insomma, mostra a quale grado di insensatezza può giungere il genere umano in epoca moderna…
Pubblicato per la prima volta nel 1905, Io sono un gatto non è soltanto un romanzo raro, che ha per protagonista un gatto, filosofo e scettico, che osserva distaccato un radicale mutamento epocale. È anche uno dei grandi libri della letteratura mondiale, la prima opera che, come ha scritto Claude Bonnefoy, inaugura il grande romanzo giapponese all’occidentale.

Con le spalle al muro: “Real world” di Kirino Natsuo

Ci sono libri che non andrebbero sfogliati tra le pareti accoglienti di una libreria o nel tepore amico della propria casa; dovrebbero piuttosto esser affrontati stretti in un vagone della metropolitana o – ancor meglio – con le spalle al muro, privi di alcuna via di fuga; senz’altro, Real World di Kirino Natsuo (Neri Pozza, pp. 281, € 15,50; ora in offerta su Amazon.it cliccando qui a € 13,17) è uno di questi.

Prima di leggerlo, sintonizzatevi su uno di quei programmi cosiddetti di approfondimento che amano annusare le carcasse di un delitto. Fissate allora l’inviato eccitato dal sangue, il poliziotto imbarazzato che guarda altrove, la vicina di casa del serial killer o della vittima con la messa in piega fresca fresca per la tv: vi stupirete nello scoprire che, persino dall’altra parte del mondo, in Giappone, queste cose vanno esattamente come nel nostro paese.

Kirino Natsuo, infatti, nel suo romanzo ci getta addosso senza troppi convenevoli un omicidio da prima pagina: un ragazzo schivo e di buona famiglia ha barbaramente ucciso la propria madre, per poi scappare senza lasciare né tracce, né tantomeno lacrime di pentimento. Le uniche persone a conoscenza dei suoi spostamenti sono quattro liceali, unite da quella confusa miscellanea di amicizia e rivalità che contraddistingue talvolta i rapporti adolescenziali; ciascuna di loro custodisce un segreto legato al proprio carattere o alla propria sessualità che solo il Vermiciattolo – ossia l’assassino – sembra in modo inspiegabile riuscire a cogliere. Terauchi, Youzan, Kirarin e Toshi (questi i loro nomi) s’impegnano, in una sorta di sfida reciproca, a compiacere e al tempo stesso provocare con la loro bellezza o le loro capacità il fuggitivo, che a tutte pare offrire la possibilità – o per lo meno la speranza – di spazzar via una vita monotona di compromessi e incertezze, per dare inizio a un’esistenza violentemente nuova.

La quotidianeità regolata dagli adulti e dalle rigide regole sociali è, in fondo, soltanto l’ennesimo palcoscenico in cui si recitano copioni mal formulati; basta l’irruzione della malattia, della morte, del tradimento, di un’ambizione cieca per rivelare le crepe del fondale e l’ambiguità dei personaggi. The real world, il mondo reale – sembra dire la scrittrice – è tutt’altro: è quello dei love hotel da quattro soldi, dei luoghi equivoci, degli appartamenti-gabbia e dei konbini (supermercati) di periferia; è quello delle pulsioni brutali e segrete, del sesso ambiguo e senza nomi, della solitudine implacabile e tagliente.

E alla realtà, purtroppo, non c’è scampo.

Raccontatemi le vostre idee per il gruppo di lettura virtuale

Finalmente, dopo aver rimuginato a lungo su come impostare il gruppo di lettura virtuale, ho trovato una soluzione facile da gestire e adatta anche a coloro che non hanno grande dimestichezza col computer. Ora rimane soltanto una questione: scegliere il primo libro da leggere e commentare insieme.
Vi chiedo, quindi, di proporre qui sotto nei commenti uno o più volumi che vorreste condividere con gli altri; fra qualche giorno, poi, unendo i vostri spunti alle mie idee, vi sottoporrò un sondaggio per scegliere l’opera. Quella che otterrà il maggior numero di preferenze sarà la protagonista del gruppo di lettura a novembre.
Nel frattempo, vi ricordo che chiunque voglia può partecipare al giveaway (lotteria) del blog; il regolamento è disponibile a questo link.
Sono felicissima nel constatare che avete partecipato in tanti (al momento in più di cento!), non limitandovi a spendere due parole sul libro, ma raccontando un frammento di voi stessi, della vostra vita, del vostro universo, e di ciò vi sono profondamente grata. 🙂

“1q84” di Murakami: un articolo di M. Persivale

Per tutti coloro che stanno aspettando con impazienza novembre per poter finalmente leggere 1q84 di Murakami, riporto un interessante articolo in tema, frutto della penna di Matteo Persivale, pubblicato in questi giorni nella versione online del <<Corriere della sera>>.

Se la terra, come la luna, avesse una faccia nascosta sempre invisibile e misteriosa, il nuovo romanzo di Haruki Murakami sarebbe ambientato lì. Tutto succede nell’arco di nove mesi – tre stagioni divise in tre libri da ventiquattro capitoli ciascuno – di un 1984 che non è esattamente quello registrato dalla storia – e infatti il titolo è 1Q84, in giapponese il numero 9 si pronuncia «ku» come la lettera Q, ma «ku» significa anche «dolore» – e in un Giappone nel quale sembra, progressivamente, esserci qualcosa di sempre più fuori fase (è il Paese dove i terremoti possono essere tanto forti da riuscire a spostare l’asse di rotazione della terra). 1Q84, letto dal «Corriere» in anteprima, bestseller a sorpresa in Giappone nel 2009 (pubblicato in tre volumi separati scatenando la Murakami-mania, uscirà negli Stati Uniti a ottobre presso Knopf e a novembre in Italia da Einaudi), è una storia contemporaneamente lineare e complicatissima. Ci sono due ragazzi: la killer su commissione Aomame (ha qualcosa di simile al dono dell’invisibilità) e l’insegnante di matematica e aspirante scrittore Tengo al quale un editor senza scrupoli dà un incarico (truffaldino) da ghost-writer del libro di una ragazzina-prodigio. Aomame e Tengo, che si sono conosciuti da bambini e si sono innamorati, non si incontrano da vent’anni: vivono separati su quello che Murakami, nell’unica intervista prima dell’uscita del romanzo in Giappone, definì «il lato oscuro della luna» (citando obliquamente, lui che di musica è maniaco, The Dark Side of the Moon dei Pink Floyd). Takashi Murakami, «If the double helix wake up», 2002, particolare Takashi Murakami, «If the double helix wake up», 2002, particolare Da lì parte una storia – i capitoli e i punti di vista si alternano regolarmente tra Aomame e Tengo – che procede con lentezza tanto esasperante quanto voluta. Prima che Murakami diventasse famoso i suoi libri venivano spesso massacrati dalla casa editrice e il personaggio dell’editor mariuolo di 1Q84 potrebbe essere, perché no, una piccola rivincita personale. Ma la lentezza è indispensabile perché costringe il lettore a tenere il passo dei personaggi, rendendosi conto insieme con loro che qualcosa, nella memoria di Aomame e Tengo, non corrisponde alla realtà. Che c’è qualcosa di inaffidabile: non la loro memoria, ma l’anno 1Q84 nel quale vivono. Tra sette segrete dal sapore apocalittico, pastori tedeschi che si nutrono soltanto di spinaci, primitivi computer dai prezzi esorbitanti e discussioni sull’Isola di Sakhalin di Cechov, sui Fratelli Karamazov di Dostoevskij e su 1984 di Orwell, Murakami scopre le carte e rivela che la struttura di un romanzo tanto complesso poggia sulla musica. «Nella musica religiosa, Dio è sempre presente con la Sua grazia», scriveva Johann Sebastian Bach tra le annotazioni della sua Bibbia. Murakami non è un compositore – anche se da giovane gestiva un piccolo jazz club – ma se anche lui come Bach annotasse su una Bibbia le sue riflessioni, troverebbe tracce di Dio in una marcia militare cecoslovacca (la Sinfonietta di Leos Janacek, il compositore del Caso Makropulos, che Aomame ascolta sul taxi nell’incipit del romanzo e apre anche il secondo libro) come in una canzonetta americana degli anni 30. Quasi mille pagine in inglese, con due traduttori per accorciare i tempi di pubblicazione che si sono dovuti appellare alla Cassazione dell’autore per dirimere le numerose disomogeneità tra i loro scritti, l’uscita nipponica nel 2009 che ha scatenato traduzioni «pirata» diffuse on line e caccia ai contenuti da parte di fans frettolosi, e una copia staffetta americana è da poco stata venduta su eBay per 225 dollari, 166 euro. È il libro più complesso di Murakami, e poggia su quattro semplici versi di uno standard della Hollywood del bianco e nero, anno 1933. It’s Only a Paper Moon, scritta da E.Y. Harburg e Harold Arlen (quello di Over the Rainbow, da Il mago di Oz): «È un mondo da circo Barnum / Che più fasullo non potrebbe essere / Ma non sarebbe un’illusione / Se tu credessi in me». Perché Murakami il giapponese eretico in fuga dall’establishment culturale del suo Paese, Murakami l’umanista che gioca a nascondino con l’incubo orwelliano e che ricevendo il premio Jerusalem ha recentemente regalato al pubblico israeliano una parabola su un uovo che si schianta contro un muro («E non importa quanto abbia ragione il muro e quanto abbia torto l’uovo, io sarò sempre dalla parte dell’uovo»), al caos e alla fatuità del mondo da circo Barnum trova un antidoto teneramente antiquato: l’amore. Anche se impiega quasi mille pagine per farlo: perché ci vuole tempo, al lettore e allo scrittore, per respirare e pensare e camminare allo stesso ritmo. Come ha detto tanti anni fa Jay Rubin, suo storico traduttore americano, «ho sempre avuto l’impressione che Murakami scrivesse per me».

Matteo Persivale

Bisbigliare amore dal centro del mondo

Un giorno andai all’ospedale e Aki stava ancora dormendo. Era sola, non c’era nemmeno sua madre a farle  compagnia. Seduto vicino a lei studiavo il suo viso mentre dormiva: era pallido per l’anemia. Le tende color crema erano tirate. Aki, con gli occhi chiusi, era leggermente voltata sull’altro lato, per evitare la luce che filtrava, volteggiando per la stanza come minuscole ali di farfalla che si posavano sul suo volto donando alla sua espressione gentili sfumature. Continuai a osservarla come se stessi ammirando un bene prezioso. Poi mi prese l’inquietudine.
Sembrava che da quel sonno tranquillo si alzasse un seme di papavero, una piccolissima morte, quasi invisibile. Nell’ora di disegno, se uno fissava il foglio candido sotto il sole splendente, aveva l’impressione che si ricoprisse di piccolissimi puntini neri. Ecco, la sensazione era la stessa.
Chiamai il suo nome: << Aki>>.
Una volta e un’altra ancora. Tante volte. Allora lei si mosse appena, quasi lo cercasse, quel nome.

(Katayama Kyōichi, Gridare amore dal centro del mondo, pp. 94-95)

Prima di leggere Gridare amore dal centro del mondo di Katayama Kyōichi (Salani, pp. 162, € 9,90; in offerta su Amazon.it a 8,50 €; ne esiste anche una versione manga con disegni di Kazui Kazumi e un film), desumevo dal titolo che trattasse di una storia accesa, bruciante: gridata, appunto. In realtà, si è rivelato un romanzo sommesso, bisbigliato tra un ricordo e l’altro.
A prima vista la trama è quanto di più facile si possa immaginare: la giovanissima Aki scopre di essere ammalata di una grave forma di leucemia, e il suo ragazzo Sakutarō – anch’egli liceale – non riesce a farsene una ragione. Non può accettare che il loro amore – semplice e contraddittorio come solo quello adolescenziale sa essere – sia incapace di evitare una catastrofe simile; non vuole trascorrere il resto dell’esistenza con la speranza di potersi ricongiungere ad Aki in un improbabile aldilà, come da cinquant’anni sta facendo il suo nonno paterno, costretto in gioventù a rinunciare alla donna che avrebbe voluto sposare.
Chi muore in età precoce è caro agli dèi, credevano gli antichi greci, ma qui non c’è alcuna traccia di divinità; anzi, in alcuni momenti sembrerebbe che tutto l’universo sia ostinatamente sordo alle preghiere innalzate al cielo per trattenere la fanciulla ancora un po’ su questa terra.
La sostanza del libro sembra però essere altrove. Non dimora nella disperazione delle famiglie, né nel racconto d’un autunno inesorabile che si specchia nel nomen omen (il nome-destino) di Aki*, e neppure forse nello stato di apatia e incertezza esistenziale che opprime Sakutarō. Il succo vivo e agrodolce dell’opera è distillato piuttosto nelle istantanee che scandiscono un amore profondo e in evoluzione: gli appuntamenti quotidiani attesi con trepidazione, i baci dati di nascosto, il desiderio e il timore di scoprire il corpo dell’altro.
Quali siano le ingenuità da imputare agli schietti sentimenti del giovane e quali alla penna d’uno scrittore che sa bene quali corde del cuore del lettore toccare, probabilmente non è dato saperlo. I simbolismi troppo evidenti (un amore che trionfa in primavera ed è funestato dalla morte alle soglie dell’inverno; la speranza di una nuova vita che risorge con la fioritura dei ciliegi; etc.) e i segnali d’un’ingiusta predestinazione forzano la narrazione; è difficile però rimanere del tutto freddi dinanzi a una storia che risveglia  le nostre più intime paure.

*Aki, infatti, significa ‘autunno’ in giapponese. Nel romanzo è però detto che l’ideogramma con cui è scritto il nome della ragazza vuole in realtà riferirsi a hakuaki, l’era cretacea. Spiega infatti al fidanzato:  <<Fra le ere geologiche è quella in cui sono nate e prosperate nuove specie di piante e animali. Come i dinosauri o le felci. Mi hanno chiamato così con l’augurio che anche io, come questi esseri, potessi prosperare.>>.

 

Nuove note per antiche parole: intervista a Ramona Ponzini

Un tranquillo pomeriggio di settembre, davanti al computer, a scrivere. Distrattamente, apro l’ennesima pagina del browser e clicco su un link. D’improvviso, la stanza si riempie di una musica strana, nuova, che non ho mai sentito prima. Campanelli, versi giapponesi, una melodia avvolgente e, al tempo stesso, distante, antica.
Ho appena conosciuto Ramona Ponzini e la sua bellissima voce, e ancora non lo so.

Quello che mi è parso un canto remoto, eppure vivo nella carne e nelle sonorità, proviene in effetti dal passato. A partire dal 2004 Ramona ha sviluppato insieme ai My Cat Is An Alien (Maurizio and Roberto Opalio) il progetto Painting Petals On Planet Ghost (PPOPG; http://www.mycatisanalien.com/PPOPG.htm), volto a scoprire e sperimentare le potenzialità musicali della poesia giapponese, sposandole a contaminazioni inattese.

I sorprendenti risultati sono racchiusi in tre album, il primo dei quali, Haru (Time-Lag Records; vedi sopra la copertina), del 2005, s’ispira ai versi e alla letteratura dell’epoca Heian (794-1185), ed in modo particolare a una delle più antiche antologie poetiche giapponesi, il Kokinshū (Raccolta di poesie giapponesi antiche e moderne); non manca un tributo al celebre incipit del Makura no Sōshi (Note del guanciale) di Sei Shōnagon.

Nel 2008 è il turno di Fallen Cammellias (A silent place), che riprende alcuni tanka (composizioni liriche strutturate in 5-7-5-7-7 sillabe) della poetessa primonovecentesca Yosano Akiko, attingendo soprattutto alla raccolta Midaregami. L’anno dopo, in Haru no omoi (PSF Records; qui a destra la copertina), vengono riuniti alcuni brani estratti dai dischi precedenti, con l’aggiunta di due pezzi inediti, ancora una volta ispirati ai tanka di Yosano Akiko.

Ramona Ponzini non si ferma qui, e collabora anche con artisti quali Z’EV e Lee Ranaldo dei Sonic Youth, eseguendo in giapponese ― sua lingua musicale ed artistica d’elezione ― improvvisazioni live e testi da lei composti, come nel caso dell’album Ankoku.

Oggi sono felice di poterla intervistare e di scoprire qualcosa di più riguardo le sue interessanti ricerche. Prima di leggere il seguito dell’articolo, vi suggerisco di ascoltare qualcuno dei brani presenti in http://paintingpetalsonplanetghost.bandcamp.com.

Biblioteca giapponese (d’ora in poi Bg): Innanzitutto, Ramona, ti ringrazio per la disponibilità. Alla tua giovane età hai già all’attivo importanti traguardi (una laurea coronata da una tesi sugli esordi letterari della poetessa Yosano Akiko; collaborazioni di valore con numerosi artisti; interventi sul tuo lavoro pubblicati negli Stati Uniti, nel Regno Unito, in Giappone…). Oltre che alla tua bravura, naturalmente, una parte del tuo successo è legata al progetto Painting Petals On Planet Ghost: puoi raccontarci come è nata l’idea di battere nuove strade attingendo alla poesia giapponese?

Ramona Ponzini (d’ora in poi RP): Il progetto Painting Petals on Planet Ghost nasce dopo anni di interazione sinergica tra me e i My Cat Is An Alien. Ho conosciuto i fratelli Opalio nel 2001 e sono rimasta subito affascinata dal loro approccio anticonvenzionale alla musica e all’arte in generale. All’epoca mi occupavo di teatro sperimentale ma ho seguito costantemente i loro concerti, tenuto sott’occhio le innumerevoli uscite e dopo qualche anno è iniziato il nostro sodalizio artistico. Painting Petals on Planet Ghost scaturisce dall’esigenza di coniugare l’anima più lirica e melodica dei MCIAA con il lavoro di ricerca da me condotto, e che ancora sto conducendo, sulla poesia giapponese come fonte privilegiata di testi musicabili. Il punto di partenza sono proprio le liriche in giapponese: di solito seleziono i testi, li traduco per i ragazzi affinché possano comprendere il motivo che mi ha spinto a scegliere determinate liriche, nonché il loro significato, poi passiamo a concentrarci all’unisono sulla musicalità intrinseca della lingua e della metrica delle poesie per poter creare quel tessuto sonoro che viene a costituirsi quale perfetta culla per i testi e  le melodie.

Bg: Cosa pensi che i versi giapponesi possano comunicare oggi agli ascoltatori occidentali, tanto più che essi sono spesso digiuni di poesia nipponica?

RP: Painting Petals on Planet Ghost rappresenta il punto di congiunzione tra il mio lavoro di studiosa della lingua e della letteratura del sole levante e la mia personalità artistica: parafrasando Joan La Barbara, in quanto musicista mi occupo dei “suoni come presenza fisica”, li scolpisco attraverso la voce, e lascio che il flusso dei pensieri e la visualizzazione dei gesti sonori portino alla creazione del risultato finale. Credo fortemente che non sia sempre essenziale per il fruitore di musica capire alla lettera il testo di una canzone: l’essenza del mio lavoro risiede nel tentativo di far scoprire all’ascoltatore la funzione di base della voce come primario mezzo di espressione. PPOPG è un progetto che rispecchia una fuga verso l’interiorità più delicata e poetica, uno scavo intimista che lascia spazio alla pura catarsi: la musicalità che scaturisce dalla lingua giapponese sotto forma di poesia ne è il mezzo sublime.

Bg: All’inizio del ventesimo secolo, Yosano Akiko era ritenuta una poetessa trasgressiva e una donna fuori dal comune: pioniera del femminismo, anti militarista e scrittrice estremamente prolifica. Come mai hai voluto ispirarti a lei per il tuo album Fallen Cammellias e per la realizzazione di altri brani?

RP: Sin dal liceo (ma anche all’università), scorrendo l’indice delle varie antologie letterarie, mi sono sempre chiesta come mai queste fossero così digiune di nomi femminili. Era davvero possibile che i più grandi autori delle più grandi opere fossero esclusivamente uomini? Così ho iniziato a cercare, ad andare oltre quelli che erano i programmi scolastici e ho scoperto Gaspara Stampa, Elsa Morante, Amalia Guglielminetti, Kate Chopin, Simone de Beauvoir, Virginia Woolf, Jane Austen, Emily Brontë, Sylvia Plath, Murasaki Shikibu, Yosano Akiko, per citare solo alcuni nomi. Credo sia dovere di ogni donna leggere, innanzitutto, Una stanza tutta per sé della Woolf e Il secondo sesso di  Simone de Beauvoir, ma principalmente indagare e scoprire che anche noi abbiamo lasciato un segno indelebile nella storia dell’arte, di tutte le arti, dalla poesia alla pittura, dalla musica al cinema; la nostra funzione creativa non si espleta solo nel mettere al mondo dei bambini, non può bastarci e in realtà non ci è mai bastato (anche se vogliono farci credere il contrario). Un esempio su tutti: Yosano Akiko, per l’appunto. Ha cresciuto undici figli eppure è una delle più grandi poetesse del ventesimo secolo.

Bg: Ascoltando i tuoi pezzi si rimane colpiti dalla sensazione di essere proiettati in una dimensione senza tempo; la ragione forse sta nell’aver sposato dei testi poetici – talvolta secolari – a sonorità nuove. Inserire questi versi in un tessuto musicale contemporaneo è un modo per tentare di renderli più attuali e dunque maggiormente apprezzabili anche dal pubblico?

RP: Credo che il nocciolo della questione risieda nella natura stessa della musica in quanto arte: l’Arte per eccellenza, secondo Nietzsche, il punto di sutura tra l’Uomo e il Dionisiaco.
In Musica e parola il filosofo ha sostenuto: “Mettere la musica completamente al servizio di immagini, e di concetti, utilizzarla come mezzo allo scopo di dar loro forza e chiarezza, questa è la strana arroganza del concetto di “opera”; (…) Perché la musica non può mai diventare un mezzo anche se la si vessa, se la si tormenta; come suono, come rullo di tamburo, ai suoi livelli più rozzi e più semplici essa supera ancora la poesia e la abbassa ad un proprio riflesso. (…) Certamente la musica mai può diventare mezzo al servizio del testo, ma in ogni caso supera il testo; diventa dunque sicuramente cattiva musica se il compositore spezza in se medesimo ogni forza dionisiaca che in lui prende corpo, per gettare uno sguardo pieno d’ansia sulle parole (…).”
Volendo bilanciare quelli che sono i due elementi del contendere, reputo che l’interazione sinergica, nonché paritaria, tra musica e poesia faccia sì che il testo poetico arrivi all’ascoltatore in maniera più immediata e viscerale, fino a toccare le corde più profonde dell’anima.

Bg: Oltre ad essere una bravissima cantante, sei certamente un’amante della letteratura giapponese: quali opere e autori ami, escludendo i testi e gli artisti su menzionati?

RP: La lista potrebbe essere molto lunga! Per dovere di cronaca credo sia giusto partire da quelle che sono state le mie letture al liceo: Yoshimoto Banana, in un primo tempo, e poi Kawabata Yasunari e Tanizaki Jun’ichirō. Tanikazi ha segnato profondamente la mia formazione letteraria, in particolare i primi racconti brevi, quali Shisei (Il tatuaggio) e Shōnen (Adolescenti), ma soprattutto opere come Bushūkō hiwa (Vita segreta del signore di Bushū) e Hakuchū kigo (Morbose fantasie), con la loro “estetica della crudeltà” continuano ad essere un’inesauribile fonte di stimoli e d’ispirazione. Rischio di essere scontata ma non posso non citare Mishima Yukio con Kinkakuji (Il padiglione d’oro), Tayō to tetsu (Sole e acciaio) e Eirei no koe (La voce degli spiriti eroici). Potrei mai omettere Murasaki Shikibu e il Genji monogatari? No. Categoricamente impossibile. Sarà sempre una delle più grandi opere della letteratura mondiale, non solo giapponese.

Bg: Rimanendo in tema: c’è qualche opera o qualche scrittore cui vorresti rivolgere le tue attenzioni musicali in futuro? Quali progetti hai in cantiere?

RP: Al momento sto lavorando sulle liriche di Takamura Kōtarō: è in uscita proprio in questi giorni un vinile intitolato Transaparent winter, per l’etichetta inglese Blackest Rainbow, che presenta due pezzi ispirati ai testi del poeta dell’epoca Shōwa, ma rielaborati e dilatati, frutto di un lavoro di improvvisazione e composizione istantanea che catapulta le sonorità tipiche di PPOPG in una dimensione più sperimentale rispetto ai primi tre album.
Il 23 novembre parteciperò insieme ai MCIAA e allo scrittore inglese Ken Hollings (autore di Benvenuti su Marte) ad uno show radiofonico alla londinese Resonance: il titolo della performance è ‘Ghost Blood Spectrum’ e per l’occasione selezionerò delle liriche giapponesi incentrate su quella che definisco “l’estetica del sangue”. Il 25 novembre sarò in concerto con Painting Petals On Planet Ghost al Cafe OTO di Londra, venue di culto per la musica sperimentale contemporanea (http://cafeoto.co.uk/my-cat-is-an-alien.shtm).

Bg: Grazie ancora, Ramona, e in bocca al lupo per i tuoi progetti.

Risa Wataya a Roma

A tutti coloro che in questi giorni si trovano a Roma, consiglio di sfruttare un’occasione quasi unica per conoscere un autore -anzi, in questo caso, un’autrice – giapponese di persona. Martedì 20 settembre, alle ore 18,30, presso l’Istituto giapponese di cultura (via Gramsci 74), Antonietta Pastore presenterà la conferenza di Wataya Risa, giovane scrittrice nota in Italia per i due romanzi Install e Solo con gli occhi, che le è valso il prestigioso premio Akutagawa. Vi lascio con l’incipit di quest’ultima opera, ma prima colgo l’occasione per ringraziare Barbara della segnalazione :

La solitudine grida. Un grido che si leva alto e continua a risuonare come una campanella, al punto da farmi male alle orecchie, da serrarmi il cuore, e per impedire che i miei compagni lo sentano mi metto a stracciare fogli di carta. In lunghe, lunghissime strisce. Il fastidioso rumore della carta strappata sovrasta quello della solitudine. E in più mi dà un’aria distaccata. Cos’è questa roba? Cloroplasto? Alga canadese? Non me ne frega niente. E allora? Voi questi microrganismi li trovate divertenti, pare (risatina), ma io non condivido il vostro fervore, in fin dei conti ormai sono una liceale. Vi guardo con la coda dell’occhio, e intanto continuo pigramente a strappare carta… E allora?

Primavera, estate, autunno, inverno

In questa sera di fine estate, col vento che attraversa lentamente le foglie e gli ultimi boccioli del mio balcone, mi è venuto in mente un bel brano tratto dal romanzo La luce della luna di Nagai Kafū:

I giorni non sono mai lunghi abbastanza per chi ama il proprio giardino e Nanso¯ era perennemente occupato a dare il benvenuto e l’addio a centinaia di diverse varietà floreali. Non faceva in tempo a posare lo sguardo e indugiare sul fresco verde delle cime degli alberi, che il giardino diventava scuro per le piogge di stagione e se i prugni ormai maturi cominciavano a cadere di mattina, entro sera le foglie della mimosa si erano arrotolate nel sonno. Sotto il raggiante sole di mezzogiorno, l’albero di melograno sembrava risplendere di germogli e la terra era cosparsa dei petali di brugmansia. A tarda sera, dalle sagome scure delle piante acquatiche intrise di rugiada, provenivano i flebili versi degli insetti che preannunciavano l’arrivo dell’autunno.
Primavera, estate, autunno e inverno… non era poi così diverso dal leggere le poesie stagionali di un libro di haiku.

“Town of Cats”: un lungo estratto tradotto in inglese da “1q84” di Murakami

I fan di Murakami attendono con impazienza da più di un anno la traduzione italiana del suo ultimo grande romanzo, 1q84, che dovrebbe teoricamente uscire in autunno per i tipi dell’Einaudi. Per placare momentaneamente la loro fame,  propongo oggi un lungo brano pubblicato in inglese da <<The New Yorker>>, tratto proprio da 1q84, e intitolato Town of Cats. Buona lettura.

At Koenji Station, Tengo boarded the Chuo Line inbound rapid-service train. The car was empty. He had nothing planned that day. Wherever he went and whatever he did (or didn’t do) was entirely up to him. It was ten o’clock on a windless summer morning, and the sun was beating down. The train passed Shinjuku, Yotsuya, Ochanomizu, and arrived at Tokyo Central Station, the end of the line. Everyone got off, and Tengo followed suit. Then he sat on a bench and gave some thought to where he should go. “I can go anywhere I decide to,” he told himself. “It looks as if it’s going to be a hot day. I could go to the seashore.” He raised his head and studied the platform guide.

At that point, he realized what he had been doing all along.

He tried shaking his head a few times, but the idea that had struck him would not go away. He had probably made up his mind unconsciously the moment he boarded the Chuo Line train in Koenji. He heaved a sigh, stood up from the bench, and asked a station employee for the fastest connection to Chikura. The man flipped through the pages of a thick volume of train schedules. He should take the 11:30 special express train to Tateyama, the man said, and transfer there to a local; he would arrive at Chikura shortly after two o’clock. Tengo bought a Tokyo-Chikura round-trip ticket. Then he went to a restaurant in the station and ordered rice and curry and a salad.

Going to see his father was a depressing prospect. He had never much liked the man, and his father had no special love for him, either. He had retired four years earlier and, soon afterward, entered a sanatorium in Chikura that specialized in patients with cognitive disorders. Tengo had visited him there no more than twice—the first time just after he had entered the facility, when a procedural problem required Tengo, as the only relative, to be there. The second visit had also involved an administrative matter. Two times: that was it.

The sanatorium stood on a large plot of land by the coast. It was an odd combination of elegant old wooden buildings and new three-story reinforced-concrete buildings. The air was fresh, however, and, aside from the roar of the surf, it was always quiet. An imposing pine grove formed a windbreak along the edge of the garden. And the medical facilities were excellent. With his health insurance, retirement bonus, savings, and pension, Tengo’s father could probably spend the rest of his life there quite comfortably. He might not leave behind any sizable inheritance, but at least he would be taken care of, for which Tengo was tremendously grateful. Tengo had no intention of taking anything from him or giving anything to him. They were two separate human beings who had come from—and were heading toward—entirely different places. By chance, they had spent some years of life together—that was all. It was a shame that it had come to that, but there was absolutely nothing that Tengo could do about it.

Tengo paid his check and went to the platform to wait for the Tateyama train. His only fellow-passengers were happy-looking families heading out for a few days at the beach.

Most people think of Sunday as a day of rest. Throughout his childhood, however, Tengo had never once viewed Sunday as a day to enjoy. For him, Sunday was like a misshapen moon that showed only its dark side. When the weekend came, his whole body began to feel sluggish and achy, and his appetite would disappear. He had even prayed for Sunday not to come, though his prayers were never answered.

When Tengo was a boy, his father was a collector of subscription fees for NHK—Japan’s quasi-governmental radio and television network—and, every Sunday, he would take Tengo with him as he went door to door soliciting payment. Tengo had started going on these rounds before he entered kindergarten and continued through fifth grade without a single weekend off. He had no idea whether other NHK fee collectors worked on Sundays, but, for as long as he could remember, his father always had. If anything, his father worked with even more enthusiasm than usual, because on Sundays he could catch the people who were usually out during the week.

Tengo’s father had several reasons for taking him along on his rounds. One reason was that he could not leave the boy at home alone. On weekdays and Saturdays, Tengo could go to school or to day care, but these institutions were closed on Sundays. Another reason, Tengo’s father said, was that it was important for a father to show his son what kind of work he did. A child should learn early on what activity was supporting him, and he should appreciate the importance of labor. Tengo’s father had been sent out to work in the fields on his father’s farm, on Sunday like any other day, from the time he was old enough to understand anything. He had even been kept out of school during the busiest seasons. To him, such a life was a given.

Tengo’s father’s third and final reason was a more calculating one, which was why it had left the deepest scars on his son’s heart. Tengo’s father was well aware that having a small child with him made his job easier. Even people who were determined not to pay often ended up forking over the money when a little boy was staring up at them, which was why Tengo’s father saved his most difficult routes for Sunday. Tengo sensed from the beginning that this was the role he was expected to play, and he absolutely hated it. But he also felt that he had to perform it as cleverly as he could in order to please his father. If he pleased his father, he would be treated kindly that day. He might as well have been a trained monkey.

Tengo’s one consolation was that his father’s beat was fairly far from home. They lived in a suburban residential district outside the city of Ichikawa, and his father’s rounds were in the center of the city. At least he was able to avoid doing collections at the homes of his classmates. Occasionally, though, while walking in the downtown shopping area, he would spot a classmate on the street. When this happened, he ducked behind his father to keep from being noticed.

On Monday mornings, his school friends would talk excitedly about where they had gone and what they had done the day before. They went to amusement parks and zoos and baseball games. In the summer, they went swimming, in the winter skiing. But Tengo had nothing to talk about. From morning to evening on Sundays, he and his father rang the doorbells of strangers’ houses, bowed their heads, and took money from whoever came to the door. If people didn’t want to pay, his father would threaten or cajole them. If they tried to talk their way out of paying, his father would raise his voice. Sometimes he would curse at them like stray dogs. Such experiences were not the sort of thing that Tengo could share with friends. He could not help feeling like a kind of alien in the society of middle-class children of white-collar workers. He lived a different kind of life in a different world. Luckily, his grades were outstanding, as was his athletic ability. So even though he was an alien he was never an outcast. In most circumstances, he was treated with respect. But whenever the other boys invited him to go somewhere or to visit their homes on a Sunday he had to turn them down. Soon, they stopped asking.

Born the third son of a farming family in the hardscrabble Tohoku region, Tengo’s father had left home as soon as he could, joining a homesteaders’ group and crossing over to Manchuria in the nineteen-thirties. He had not believed the government’s claims that Manchuria was a paradise where the land was vast and rich. He knew enough to realize that “paradise” was not to be found anywhere. He was simply poor and hungry. The best he could hope for if he stayed at home was a life on the brink of starvation. In Manchuria, he and the other homesteaders were given some farming implements and small arms, and together they started cultivating the land. The soil was poor and rocky, and in winter everything froze. Sometimes stray dogs were all they had to eat. Even so, with government support for the first few years they managed to get by. Their lives were finally becoming more stable when, in August, 1945, the Soviet Union launched a full-scale invasion of Manchuria. Tengo’s father had been expecting this to happen, having been secretly informed of the impending situation by a certain official, a man he had become friendly with. The minute he heard the news that the Soviets had violated the border, he mounted his horse, galloped to the local train station, and boarded the second-to-last train for Da-lien. He was the only one among his farming companions to make it back to Japan before the end of the year.

After the war, Tengo’s father went to Tokyo and tried to make a living as a black marketeer and as a carpenter’s apprentice, but he could barely keep himself alive. He was working as a liquor-store deliveryman in Asakusa when he bumped into his old friend the official he had known in Manchuria. When the man learned that Tengo’s father was having a hard time finding a decent job, he offered to recommend him to a friend in the subscription department of NHK, and Tengo’s father gladly accepted. He knew almost nothing about NHK, but he was willing to try anything that promised a steady income.

At NHK, Tengo’s father carried out his duties with great gusto. His foremost strength was his perseverance in the face of adversity. To someone who had barely eaten a filling meal since birth, collecting NHK fees was not excruciating work. The most hostile curses hurled at him were nothing. Moreover, he felt satisfaction at belonging to an important organization, even as one of its lowest-ranking members. His performance and attitude were so outstanding that, after a year as a commissioned collector, he was taken directly into the ranks of the full-fledged employees, an almost unheard-of achievement at NHK. Soon, he was able to move into a corporation-owned apartment and join the company’s health-care plan. It was the greatest stroke of good fortune he had ever had in his life.

Young Tengo’s father never sang him lullabies, never read books to him at bedtime. Instead, he told the boy stories of his actual experiences. He was a good storyteller. His accounts of his childhood and youth were not exactly pregnant with meaning, but the details were lively. There were funny stories, moving stories, and violent stories. If a life can be measured by the color and variety of its episodes, Tengo’s father’s life had been rich in its own way, perhaps. But when his stories touched on the period after he became an NHK employee they suddenly lost all vitality. He had met a woman, married her, and had a child—Tengo. A few months after Tengo was born, his mother had fallen ill and died. His father had raised him alone after that, while working hard for NHK. The End. How he happened to meet Tengo’s mother and marry her, what kind of woman she was, what had caused her death, whether her death had been an easy one or she had suffered greatly—Tengo’s father told him almost nothing about such matters. If he tried asking, his father just evaded the questions. Most of the time, such questions put him in a foul mood. Not a single photograph of Tengo’s mother had survived.

Tengo fundamentally disbelieved his father’s story. He knew that his mother hadn’t died a few months after he was born. In his only memory of her, he was a year and a half old and she was standing by his crib in the arms of a man other than his father. His mother took off her blouse, dropped the straps of her slip, and let the man who was not his father suck on her breasts. Tengo slept beside them, his breathing audible. But, at the same time, he was not asleep. He was watching his mother.

This was Tengo’s photograph of his mother. The ten-second scene was burned into his brain with perfect clarity. It was the only concrete information he had about her, the one tenuous connection his mind could make with her. He and she were linked by this hypothetical umbilical cord. His father, however, had no idea that this vivid scene existed in Tengo’s memory, or that, like a cow in a meadow, Tengo was endlessly regurgitating fragments of it to chew on, a cud from which he obtained essential nutrients. Father and son: each was locked in a deep, dark embrace with his own secrets.

As an adult, Tengo often wondered if the young man sucking on his mother’s breasts in his vision was his biological father. This was because Tengo in no way resembled his father, the stellar NHK collections agent. Tengo was a tall, strapping man with a broad forehead, a narrow nose, and tightly balled ears. His father was short and squat and utterly unimpressive. He had a small forehead, a flat nose, and pointed ears like a horse’s. Where Tengo had a relaxed and generous look, his father appeared nervous and tightfisted. Comparing the two of them, people often openly remarked on their dissimilarity.

Still, it was not their physical features that made it difficult for Tengo to identify with his father but their psychological makeup. His father showed no sign at all of what might be called intellectual curiosity. True, having been born in poverty he had not had a decent education. Tengo felt a degree of pity for his father’s circumstances. But a basic desire to obtain knowledge—which Tengo assumed to be a more or less natural urge in people—was lacking in the man. He had a certain practical wisdom that enabled him to survive, but Tengo could discern no hint of a willingness in his father to deepen himself, to view a wider, larger world. Tengo’s father never seemed to suffer discomfort from the stagnant air of his cramped little life. Tengo never once saw him pick up a book. He had no interest in music or movies, and he never took a trip. The only thing that seemed to interest him was his collection route. He would make a map of the area, mark it with colored pens, and examine it whenever he had a spare moment, the way a biologist might study chromosomes.

Tengo, by contrast, was curious about everything. He absorbed knowledge from a broad range of fields with the efficiency of a power shovel scooping earth. He had been regarded as a math prodigy from early childhood, and he could solve high-school math problems by the time he was in third grade. Math was, for young Tengo, an effective means of retreat from his life with his father. In the mathematical world, he would walk down a long corridor, opening one numbered door after another. Each time a new spectacle unfolded before him, the ugly traces of the real world would simply disappear. As long as he was actively exploring that realm of infinite consistency, he was free.

While math was like a magnificent imaginary building for Tengo, literature was a vast magical forest. Math stretched infinitely upward toward the heavens, but stories spread out before him, their sturdy roots stretching deep into the earth. In this forest there were no maps, no doorways. As Tengo got older, the forest of story began to exert an even stronger pull on his heart than the world of math. Of course, reading novels was just another form of escape—as soon as he closed the book, he had to come back to the real world. But at some point he noticed that returning to reality from the world of a novel was not as devastating a blow as returning from the world of math. Why was that? After much thought, he reached a conclusion. No matter how clear things might become in the forest of story, there was never a clear-cut solution, as there was in math. The role of a story was, in the broadest terms, to transpose a problem into another form. Depending on the nature and the direction of the problem, a solution might be suggested in the narrative. Tengo would return to the real world with that suggestion in hand. It was like a piece of paper bearing the indecipherable text of a magic spell. It served no immediate practical purpose, but it contained a possibility.

The one possible solution that Tengo was able to decipher from his readings was this one: My real father must be somewhere else. Like an unfortunate child in a Dickens novel, Tengo had perhaps been led by strange circumstances to be raised by this impostor. Such a possibility was both a nightmare and a great hope. After reading “Oliver Twist,” Tengo plowed through every Dickens volume in the library. As he travelled through Dickens’s stories, he steeped himself in reimagined versions of his own life. These fantasies grew ever longer and more complex. They followed a single pattern, but with infinite variations. In all of them, Tengo would tell himself that his father’s home was not where he belonged. He had been mistakenly locked in this cage, and someday his real parents would find him and rescue him. Then he would have the most beautiful, peaceful, and free Sundays imaginable.

Tengo’s father prided himself on his son’s excellent grades, and boasted of them to people in the neighborhood. At the same time, however, he showed a certain displeasure with Tengo’s brightness and talent. Often when Tengo was at his desk, studying, his father would interrupt him, ordering the boy to do chores or nagging him about his supposedly offensive behavior. The content of his father’s nagging was always the same: here he was, running himself ragged every day, covering huge distances and enduring people’s curses, while Tengo did nothing but take it easy all the time, living in comfort. “They had me working my tail off when I was your age, and my father and older brothers would beat me black and blue for anything at all. They never gave me enough food. They treated me like an animal. I don’t want you thinking you’re so special just because you got a few good grades.”

This man is envious of me, Tengo began to think at a certain point. He’s jealous, either of me as a person or of the life I’m leading. But would a father really feel jealousy toward his son? Tengo did not judge his father, but he could not help sensing a pathetic kind of meanness emanating from his words and deeds. It was not that Tengo’s father hated him as a person but, rather, that he hated something inside Tengo, something that he could not forgive.

When the train left Tokyo Station, Tengo took out the paperback that he had brought along. It was an anthology of short stories on the theme of travel and it included a tale called “Town of Cats,” a fantastical piece by a German writer with whom Tengo was not familiar. According to the book’s foreword, the story had been written in the period between the two World Wars.

In the story, a young man is travelling alone with no particular destination in mind. He rides the train and gets off at any stop that arouses his interest. He takes a room, sees the sights, and stays for as long as he likes. When he has had enough, he boards another train. He spends every vacation this way.

One day, he sees a lovely river from the train window. Gentle green hills line the meandering stream, and below them lies a pretty little town with an old stone bridge. The train stops at the town’s station, and the young man steps down with his bag. No one else gets off, and, as soon as he alights, the train departs.

No workers man the station, which must see very little activity. The young man crosses the bridge and walks into the town. All the shops are shuttered, the town hall deserted. No one occupies the desk at the town’s only hotel. The place seems totally uninhabited. Perhaps all the people are off napping somewhere. But it is only ten-thirty in the morning, far too early for that. Perhaps something has caused all the people to abandon the town. In any case, the next train will not come until the following morning, so he has no choice but to spend the night here. He wanders around the town to kill time.

In fact, this is a town of cats. When the sun starts to go down, many cats come trooping across the bridge—cats of all different kinds and colors. They are much larger than ordinary cats, but they are still cats. The young man is shocked by this sight. He rushes into the bell tower in the center of town and climbs to the top to hide. The cats go about their business, raising the shop shutters or seating themselves at their desks to start their day’s work. Soon, more cats come, crossing the bridge into town like the others. They enter the shops to buy things or go to the town hall to handle administrative matters or eat a meal at the hotel restaurant or drink beer at the tavern and sing lively cat songs. Because cats can see in the dark, they need almost no lights, but that particular night the glow of the full moon floods the town, enabling the young man to see every detail from his perch in the bell tower. When dawn approaches, the cats finish their work, close up the shops, and swarm back across the bridge.

By the time the sun comes up, the cats are gone, and the town is deserted again. The young man climbs down, picks one of the hotel beds for himself, and goes to sleep. When he gets hungry, he eats some bread and fish that have been left in the hotel kitchen. When darkness approaches, he hides in the bell tower again and observes the cats’ activities until dawn. Trains stop at the station before noon and in the late afternoon. No passengers alight, and no one boards, either. Still, the trains stop at the station for exactly one minute, then pull out again. He could take one of these trains and leave the creepy cat town behind. But he doesn’t. Being young, he has a lively curiosity and is ready for adventure. He wants to see more of this strange spectacle. If possible, he wants to find out when and how this place became a town of cats.

On his third night, a hubbub breaks out in the square below the bell tower. “Hey, do you smell something human?” one of the cats says. “Now that you mention it, I thought there was a funny smell the past few days,” another chimes in, twitching his nose. “Me, too,” yet another cat says. “That’s weird. There shouldn’t be any humans here,” someone adds. “No, of course not. There’s no way a human could get into this town of cats.” “But that smell is definitely here.”

The cats form groups and begin to search the town like bands of vigilantes. It takes them very little time to discover that the bell tower is the source of the smell. The young man hears their soft paws padding up the stairs. That’s it, they’ve got me! he thinks. His smell seems to have roused the cats to anger. Humans are not supposed to set foot in this town. The cats have big, sharp claws and white fangs. He has no idea what terrible fate awaits him if he is discovered, but he is sure that they will not let him leave the town alive.

Three cats climb to the top of the bell tower and sniff the air. “Strange,” one cat says, twitching his whiskers, “I smell a human, but there’s no one here.”

“It is strange,” a second cat says. “But there really isn’t anyone here. Let’s go and look somewhere else.”

The cats cock their heads, puzzled, then retreat down the stairs. The young man hears their footsteps fading into the dark of night. He breathes a sigh of relief, but he doesn’t understand what just happened. There was no way they could have missed him. But for some reason they didn’t see him. In any case, he decides that when morning comes he will go to the station and take the train out of this town. His luck can’t last forever.

The next morning, however, the train does not stop at the station. He watches it pass by without slowing down. The afternoon train does the same. He can see the engineer seated at the controls. But the train shows no sign of stopping. It is as though no one can see the young man waiting for a train—or even see the station itself. Once the afternoon train disappears down the track, the place grows quieter than ever. The sun begins to sink. It is time for the cats to come. The young man knows that he is irretrievably lost. This is no town of cats, he finally realizes. It is the place where he is meant to be lost. It is another world, which has been prepared especially for him. And never again, for all eternity, will the train stop at this station to take him back to the world he came from.

Tengo read the story twice. The phrase “the place where he is meant to be lost” attracted his attention. He closed the book and let his eyes wander across the drab industrial scene passing by the train window. Soon afterward, he drifted off to sleep—not a long nap but a deep one. He woke covered in sweat. The train was moving along the southern coastline of the Boso Peninsula in midsummer.

One morning when he was in fifth grade, after much careful thinking, Tengo declared that he was going to stop making the rounds with his father on Sundays. He told his father that he wanted to use the time for studying and reading books and playing with other kids. He wanted to live a normal life like everybody else.

Tengo said what he needed to say, concisely and coherently.

His father, of course, blew up. He didn’t give a damn what other families did, he said. “We have our own way of doing things. And don’t you dare talk to me about a ‘normal life,’ Mr. Know-It-All. What do you know about a ‘normal life’?” Tengo did not try to argue with him. He merely stared back in silence, knowing that nothing he said would get through to his father. Finally, his father told him that if he wouldn’t listen then he couldn’t go on feeding him. Tengo should get the hell out.

Tengo did as he was told. He had made up his mind. He was not going to be afraid. Now that he had been given permission to leave his cage, he was more relieved than anything else. But there was no way that a ten-year-old boy could live on his own. When his class was dismissed at the end of the day, he confessed his predicament to his teacher. The teacher was a single woman in her mid-thirties, a fair-minded, warmhearted person. She heard Tengo out with sympathy, and that evening she took him back to his father’s place for a long talk.

Tengo was told to leave the room, so he was not sure what they said to each other, but finally his father had to sheathe his sword. However extreme his anger might be, he could not leave a ten-year-old boy to wander the streets alone. The duty of a parent to support his child was a matter of law.

As a result of the teacher’s talk with his father, Tengo was free to spend Sundays as he pleased. This was the first tangible right that he had ever won from his father. He had taken his first step toward freedom and independence.

At the reception desk of the sanatorium, Tengo gave his name and his father’s name.

The nurse asked, “Have you by any chance notified us of your intention to visit today?” There was a hard edge to her voice. A small woman, she wore metal-framed glasses, and her short hair had a touch of gray.

“No, it just occurred to me to come this morning and I hopped on a train,” Tengo answered honestly.

The nurse gave him a look of mild disgust. Then she said, “Visitors are supposed to notify us before they arrive to see a patient. We have our schedules to meet, and the wishes of the patient must also be taken into account.”

“I’m sorry. I didn’t know.”

“When was your last visit?”

“Two years ago.”

“Two years ago,” she said as she checked the list of visitors with a ballpoint pen in hand. “You mean to say that you have not made a single visit in two years?”

“That’s right,” Tengo said.

“According to our records, you are Mr. Kawana’s only relative.”

“That is correct.”

She glanced at Tengo, but she said nothing. Her eyes were not blaming him, just checking the facts. Apparently, Tengo’s case was not exceptional.

“At the moment, your father is in group rehabilitation. That will end in half an hour. You can see him then.”

“How is he doing?”

“Physically, he’s healthy. It’s in the other area that he has his ups and downs,” she said, tapping her temple with an index finger.

Tengo thanked her and went to wait in the lounge by the entrance, reading more of his book. A breeze passed through now and then, carrying the scent of the sea and the cooling sound of the pine windbreak outside. Cicadas clung to the branches of the trees, screeching their hearts out. Summer was at its height, but the cicadas seemed to know that it would not last long.

Eventually, the bespectacled nurse came to tell Tengo that he could see his father now. “I’ll show you to his room,” she said. Tengo got up from the sofa and, passing by a large mirror on the wall, realized for the first time what a sloppy outfit he was wearing: a Jeff Beck Japan Tour T-shirt under a faded dungaree shirt with mismatched buttons, chinos with specks of pizza sauce near one knee, a baseball cap—no way for a thirty-year-old son to dress on his first hospital visit to his father in two years. Nor did he have anything with him that might serve as a gift on such an occasion. No wonder the nurse had given him that look of disgust.

Tengo’s father was in his room, sitting in a chair by the open window, his hands on his knees. A nearby table held a potted plant with several delicate yellow flowers. The floor was made of some soft material to prevent injury in case of a fall. Tengo did not realize at first that the old man seated by the window was his father. He had shrunk—“shrivelled up” might be more accurate. His hair was shorter and as white as a frost-covered lawn. His cheeks were sunken, which may have been why the hollows of his eyes looked much bigger than they had before. Three deep creases marked his forehead. His eyebrows were extremely long and thick, and his pointed ears were larger than ever; they looked like bat wings. From a distance, he seemed less like a human being than like some kind of creature, a rat or a squirrel—a creature with some cunning. He was, however, Tengo’s father—or, rather, the wreckage of Tengo’s father. The father that Tengo remembered was a tough, hardworking man. Introspection and imagination might have been foreign to him, but he had his own moral code and a strong sense of purpose. The man Tengo saw before him was nothing but an empty shell.

“Mr. Kawana!” the nurse said to Tengo’s father in the crisp, clear tone she must have been trained to use when addressing patients. “Mr. Kawana! Look who’s here! It’s your son, here from Tokyo!”

Tengo’s father turned in his direction. His expressionless eyes made Tengo think of two empty swallow’s nests hanging from the eaves.

“Hello,” Tengo said.

His father said nothing. Instead, he looked straight at Tengo as if he were reading a bulletin written in a foreign language.

“Dinner starts at six-thirty,” the nurse said to Tengo. “Please feel free to stay until then.”

Tengo hesitated for a moment after the nurse left, and then approached his father, sitting down in the chair opposite his—a faded, cloth-covered chair, its wooden parts scarred from long use. His father’s eyes followed his movements.

“How are you?” Tengo asked.

“Fine, thank you,” his father said formally.

Tengo did not know what to say after that. Toying with the third button of his dungaree shirt, he turned his gaze toward the pine trees outside and then back again to his father.

“You have come from Tokyo, is it?” his father asked.

“Yes, from Tokyo.”

“You must have come by express train.”

“That’s right,” Tengo said. “As far as Tateyama. Then I transferred to a local for the trip here to Chikura.”

“You’ve come to swim?” his father asked.

“I’m Tengo. Tengo Kawana. Your son.”

The wrinkles in his father’s forehead deepened. “A lot of people tell lies because they don’t want to pay their NHK subscription fee.”

“Father!” Tengo called out to him. He had not spoken the word in a very long time. “I’m Tengo. Your son.”

“I don’t have a son,” his father declared.

“You don’t have a son,” Tengo repeated mechanically.

His father nodded.

“So what am I?” Tengo asked.

“You’re nothing,” his father said with two short shakes of the head.

Tengo caught his breath. He could find no words. Nor did his father have any more to say. Each sat in silence, searching through his own tangled thoughts. Only the cicadas sang without confusion, at top volume.

He may be speaking the truth, Tengo thought. His memory may have been destroyed, but his words are probably true.

“What do you mean?” Tengo asked.

“You are nothing,” his father repeated, his voice devoid of emotion. “You were nothing, you are nothing, and you will be nothing.”

Tengo wanted to get up from his chair, walk to the station, and go back to Tokyo then and there. But he could not stand up. He was like the young man who travelled to the town of cats. He had curiosity. He wanted a clearer answer. There was danger lurking, of course. But if he let this opportunity escape he would have no chance to learn the secret about himself. Tengo arranged and rearranged words in his head until at last he was ready to speak them. This was the question he had wanted to ask since childhood but could never quite manage to get out: “What you’re saying, then, is that you are not my biological father, correct? You are telling me that there is no blood connection between us, is that it?”

“Stealing radio waves is an unlawful act,” his father said, looking into Tengo’s eyes. “It is no different from stealing money or valuables, don’t you think?”

“You’re probably right.” Tengo decided to agree for now.

“Radio waves don’t come falling out of the sky for free like rain or snow,” his father said.

Tengo stared at his father’s hands. They were lined up neatly on his knees. Small, dark hands, they looked tanned to the bone by long years of outdoor work.

“My mother didn’t really die of an illness when I was little, did she?” Tengo asked slowly.

His father did not answer. His expression did not change, and his hands did not move. His eyes focussed on Tengo as if they were observing something unfamiliar.

“My mother left you. She left you and me behind. She went off with another man. Am I wrong?”

His father nodded. “It is not good to steal radio waves. You can’t get away with it, just doing whatever you want.”

This man understands my questions perfectly well. He just doesn’t want to answer them directly, Tengo thought.

“Father,” Tengo addressed him. “You may not actually be my father, but I’ll call you that for now because I don’t know what else to call you. To tell you the truth, I’ve never liked you. Maybe I’ve even hated you most of the time. You know that, don’t you? But, even supposing that there is no blood connection between us, I no longer have any reason to hate you. I don’t know if I can go so far as to be fond of you, but I think that at least I should be able to understand you better than I do now. I have always wanted to know the truth about who I am and where I came from. That’s all. If you will tell me the truth here and now, I won’t hate you anymore. In fact, I would welcome the opportunity not to have to hate you any longer.”

Tengo’s father went on staring at him with expressionless eyes, but Tengo felt that he might be seeing the tiniest gleam of light somewhere deep within those empty swallow’s nests.

“I am nothing,” Tengo said. “You are right. I’m like someone who’s been thrown into the ocean at night, floating all alone. I reach out, but no one is there. I have no connection to anything. The closest thing I have to a family is you, but you hold on to the secret. Meanwhile, your memory deteriorates day by day. Along with your memory, the truth about me is being lost. Without the aid of truth, I am nothing, and I can never be anything. You are right about that, too.”

“Knowledge is a precious social asset,” his father said in a monotone, though his voice was somewhat quieter than before, as if someone had reached over and turned down the volume. “It is an asset that must be amassed in abundant stockpiles and utilized with the utmost care. It must be handed down to the next generation in fruitful forms. For that reason, too, NHK needs to have all your subscription fees and—”

He cut his father short. “What kind of person was my mother? Where did she go? What happened to her?”

His father brought his incantation to a halt, his lips shut tight.

His voice softer now, Tengo went on, “A vision often comes to me—the same one, over and over. I suspect it’s not so much a vision as a memory of something that actually happened. I’m one and a half years old, and my mother is next to me. She and a young man are holding each other. The man is not you. Who he is I have no idea, but he is definitely not you.”

His father said nothing, but his eyes were clearly seeing something else—something not there.

“I wonder if I might ask you to read me something,” Tengo’s father said in formal tones after a long pause. “My eyesight has deteriorated to the point where I can’t read books anymore. That bookcase has some books. Choose any one you like.”

Tengo got up to scan the spines of the volumes in the bookcase. Most of them were historical novels set in ancient times when samurai roamed the land. Tengo couldn’t bring himself to read his father some musty old book full of archaic language.

“If you don’t mind, I’d rather read a story about a town of cats,” Tengo said. “It’s in a book that I brought to read myself.”

“A story about a town of cats,” his father said, savoring the words. “Please read that to me, if it is not too much trouble.”

Tengo looked at his watch. “It’s no trouble at all. I have plenty of time before my train leaves. It’s an odd story. I don’t know if you’ll like it.”

Tengo pulled out his paperback and started reading slowly, in a clear, audible voice, taking two or three breaks along the way to catch his breath. He glanced at his father whenever he stopped reading but saw no discernible reaction on his face. Was he enjoying the story? He could not tell.

“Does that town of cats have television?” his father asked when Tengo had finished.

“The story was written in Germany in the nineteen-thirties. They didn’t have television yet back then. They did have radio, though.”

“Did the cats build the town? Or did people build it before the cats came to live there?” his father asked, speaking as if to himself.

“I don’t know,” Tengo said. “But it does seem to have been built by human beings. Maybe the people left for some reason—say, they all died in an epidemic of some sort—and the cats came to live there.”

His father nodded. “When a vacuum forms, something has to come along to fill it. That’s what everybody does.”

“That’s what everybody does?”

“Exactly.”

“What kind of vacuum are you filling?”

His father scowled. Then he said with a touch of sarcasm in his voice, “Don’t you know?”

“I don’t know,” Tengo said.

His father’s nostrils flared. One eyebrow rose slightly. “If you can’t understand it without an explanation, you can’t understand it with an explanation.”

Tengo narrowed his eyes, trying to read the man’s expression. Never once had his father employed such odd, suggestive language. He always spoke in concrete, practical terms.

“I see. So you are filling some kind of vacuum,” Tengo said. “All right, then, who is going to fill the vacuum that you have left behind?”

“You,” his father declared, raising an index finger and thrusting it straight at Tengo. “Isn’t it obvious? I have been filling the vacuum that somebody else made, so you will fill the vacuum that I have made.”

“The way the cats filled the town after the people were gone.”

“Right,” his father said. Then he stared vacantly at his own outstretched index finger as if at some mysterious, misplaced object.

Tengo sighed. “So, then, who is my father?”

“Just a vacuum. Your mother joined her body with a vacuum and gave birth to you. I filled that vacuum.”

Having said that much, his father closed his eyes and closed his mouth.

“And you raised me after she left. Is that what you’re saying?”

After a ceremonious clearing of his throat, his father said, as if trying to explain a simple truth to a slow-witted child, “That is why I said, ‘If you can’t understand it without an explanation, you can’t understand it with an explanation.’ ”

Tengo folded his hands in his lap and looked straight into his father’s face. This man is no empty shell, he thought. He is a flesh-and-blood human being with a narrow, stubborn soul, surviving in fits and starts on this patch of land by the sea. He has no choice but to coexist with the vacuum that is slowly spreading inside him. Eventually, that vacuum will swallow up whatever memories are left. It is only a matter of time.

Tengo said goodbye to his father just before 6 P.M. While he waited for the taxi to come, they sat across from each other by the window, saying nothing. Tengo had many more questions he wanted to ask, but he knew that he would get no answers. The sight of his father’s tightly clenched lips told him that. If you couldn’t understand something without an explanation, you couldn’t understand it with an explanation. As his father had said.

When the time for him to leave drew near, Tengo said, “You told me a lot today. It was indirect and often hard to grasp, but it was probably as honest and open as you could make it. I should be grateful for that.”

Still his father said nothing, his eyes fixed on the view like a soldier on guard duty, determined not to miss the signal flare sent up by a savage tribe on a distant hill. Tengo tried looking out along his father’s line of vision, but all that was out there was the pine grove, tinted by the coming sunset.

“I’m sorry to say it, but there is virtually nothing I can do for you—other than to hope that the process forming a vacuum inside you is a painless one. I’m sure you have suffered a lot. You loved my mother as deeply as you knew how. I do get that sense. But she left, and that must have been hard on you—like living in an empty town. Still, you raised me in that empty town.”

A pack of crows cut across the sky, cawing. Tengo stood up, went over to his father, and put his hand on his shoulder. “Goodbye, Father. I’ll come again soon.”

With his hand on the doorknob, Tengo turned around one last time and was shocked to see a single tear escaping his father’s eye. It shone a dull silver color under the ceiling’s fluorescent light. The tear crept slowly down his cheek and fell onto his lap. Tengo opened the door and left the room. He took a cab to the station and reboarded the train that had brought him here.

(Translated, from the Japanese, by Jay Rubin.)

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